Christopher Busby

Christopher Busby (born 1 September 1945) is a British scientist known for his controversial theories about the negative health effects of very low-dose ionising radiation. Busby is the director of Green Audit, an environmental consultancy agency,[1] and scientific advisor to the Low Level Radiation Campaign (LLRC) which he set up in 1995.[2] Busby is a visiting professor at the University of Ulster.[3] Busby was the National Speaker on Science and Technology for the Green Party of England and Wales.[4][5]

Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Busby established a television and internet presence where he discussed the risks of ionizing radiation and the Japanese Government's handling of the disaster. Busby furthermore marketed, on his Japanese language website, tests and a mineral supplement (dubbed by critics an "anti-radiation" pill) that he claimed could mitigate the effects of injested radioisotopes.[6]

Contents

Career

Busby obtained a BSc in Chemistry with First Class Honours from the University of London, and then did research for the Wellcome Foundation (applying spectroscopic and analytical methods to chemical pharmacology and molecular drug interactions). He was elected a Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry although he has not been a Member since 1984. He later gained a PhD in Chemical Physics at the University of Kent, researching Raman spectro-electrochemistry.[7]

In 1999 Busby stood as an Election Candidate for the European Parliamentary elections.[8]

Busby was a member of the British government sponsored Committee Examining Radiation Risks from Internal Emitters (CERRIE), which operated from 2001 to 2004.[7]

In 2001 he was appointed to the UK Ministry of Defence Oversight Committee on Depleted Uranium (DUOB).[7]

In 2003 he was elected a Fellow of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, in the Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology.[7]

In 2004 he was named Leader of Science Policy for (EU) Policy Information Network for Child Health and Environment PINCHE based in Arnhem, The Netherlands.

Busby is a visiting professor at the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster[3] researching the toxicity of heavy metals to the human body.[9][10] In 2008 he was a visiting researcher at the German Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kuhn Institute.[11]

According to his CERRIE biography:

As member of the International Society for Environment Epidemiology, he was invited to Iraq and Kosovo to investigate the health effects of depleted uranium in weapons used by allied forces on populations. He has also given presentations on depleted uranium to the Royal Society and to the European Parliament. He was a member of the UK Ministry of Defence Oversight Board on Depleted Uranium."[7]

Busby was the scientific secretary of the European Committee on Radiation Risks, an informal committee based in Brussels, which produced a report for CERRIE.[12]

Second Event Theory and Photoelectric Effect Controversy

From 1987 onwards Busby has worked in particular on the health effects of ionizing radiation, developing the 'Second Event Theory' and 'Photoelectric Effect Theory' which distinguishes between hazards from external radiation and internal irradiation from ingested radioisotopes, upon which he claims the widely accepted linear no-threshold (LNT) model substantially underestimates the risk of low level radiation (the LNT model is largely constructed from the 1958 to 2001 'Life Span Study' of the 120,321 Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors (hibakusha (被爆者?)) who were exposed to a powerful external burst of neutron and gamma radiation).[14] Busby claims that in the low dose regime, radiation moderately above background causes more cancer than much higher levels of radiation i.e. a biphasic (bimodal) curve; a claim based on the work of Elena Burlakova.[13][15]

Busby initially proposed the Second Event Theory (SET) in 1995, in his self-published book 'Wings of Death: Nuclear Pollution and Human Health',[16] in which isotopes that decay sequentially i.e. emit two or more particles in a short decay chain, have far greater genotoxic effects than predicted by the LNT model. In particular, Busby's SET predicts that the 90Sr-90Y decay chain might be some ~30 times more carcinogenic than predicted by LNT; because according to Busby primary exposure to a beta particle alters a cells to the G2 Phase, which he claims are highly radio-sensitive, and a second particle "hit" within a few hours then causes carcinogenesis.

SET was criticized by Cox & Edwards (2000)[17] who pointed out that if Busby's "biologically implausible" theory was correct and all irradiated cells undergo transformation to the G2 Phase, it would cause an increased risk factor of just 1.3 times and predict, on the contrary, substantial risk reduction at low doses for single emitting radioisotopes. Furthermore, it was established in 1906 (The Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau) that cells in the G2 Phase are more resistant to radiation than cells in the M Phase (Radiosensitivity and Cell cycle).[18] The Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE) report, on which Busby was one of twelve members, exhaustively examined the biological plausibility of SET and commissioned an independent consultant to conduct a literature review. In 2004 CERRIE rejected the SET by a 10 to 2 majority consensus (Busby and non-scientist Richard Bramhall, dissented). The rejection was made for following reasons:[19]

CERRIE also considered and rejected by 10 to 2 consensus the biphasic (bimodal) curve of Burlakova et al. (1999),[15] due to the studies "substantial shortcomings"; tables were so ambiguous the risk-dose response could be interpreted as linear, biphasic or even promoting health (radiation hormesis).[19]

Busby responded by selling for £25 a 3 person minority report on his website, in which claims internal low-level radiation is 300 times more dangerous than predicted, the currently accepted LNT model is meaningless, and in Sweden and Belarus cancer rates have risen by 40% since Chernobyl.[20]

Later work by Busby focused on the health effects of ingested Depleted Uranium particles. In particular he proposes that ingested Uranium particles cause photoelectric enhancement that increases the genotoxic effect of natural background gamma radiation by 500 to 1000 times (he claims natural gamma rays strike Uranium and generate via the photoelectric effect secondary electrons that damage cells).[21][22] Recent work by Busby (2008)[23] focusing on the photoelectric enhancement as a mechanism of cells damaged by ingested Uranium particles has been covered by New Scientist magazine, with most of the scientists quoted in response expressing interest but also some skepticism that the effect could be as large as claimed.[10] Additionally, according to Busby, photoelectric enhancement is not limited to radioactive isotopes but involves all heavy atoms (high-Z) e.g. stable platinum particles from catalytic converters are similarly theoretically capable of enhancing the effects of natural gamma radiation if ingested.[23]

However, subsequent computer simulations by Pattison, Hugtenburg & Green (2010)[24] indicate a radiation enhancement factor of only 1 to 10 fold for uranium particles, considerably lower than Busby's preliminary estimate. Indeed, a large body of research has accumulated into the efficacy of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT), where the effects of radiotherapeutic intense gamma ray and x-ray sources are modestly enhanced via the photoelectric effect by 0.3 to 1.16 fold, a lower range than estimated for uranium particles.[25]

Conflicts with other Low-Dose Radiation researchers

Busby is the author of two self-published books on cancer incidence in Wales, Wings of Death and Wolves of Water; the latter was lauded in a review published by a group that "aims to provide a safe forum for the critical and open minded discussion of ideas that go beyond conventional paradigms in science, medicine and philosophy [and to] challenge the adequacy of "scientific materialism" as an exclusive basis for knowledge and values." According to the reviewer, described as a former research immunologist, "Busby dissects the workings of the government advisory establishment, the biased science and institutional cover-ups of the causes of cancer and other illnesses".[26]

The books were criticised in the Journal of Radiological Protection as "erroneous in consequence of various mistakes".[27][28] According to Richard Wakeford, the editor-in-chief of the journal, a fellow CERRIE committee member representing the nuclear industry, and a specialist in the health effects of low-dose radiation (formerly with British Nuclear Fuels)[29]

... much of Chris Busby's work is self-published and difficult to access; he seems mainly to avoid publication in the recognised scientific literature, which presents difficulties for a proper review of the evidence underlying his conclusions.".[30]

Busby has since alleged that Wakeford created a website specifically to attack him, using the pseudonym "Richard D".[31] Busby subsequently gained title to the domain.

Busby served on the UK Government's Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE), which operated between 2001 and 2004, and included medical professionals, scientists, delegates from Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, and Richard Wakeford representing the nuclear industry.[30] Busby ultimately disagreed with the committee's conclusions and published a "minority report" with another committee member from LLRC[32] On the LLRC website page selling the minority report, it's claimed (without citation) that north Sweden cancer rates have increased by 40% since Chernobyl.[33] A doctoral dissertation from 2007 was reported as saying that the area "has shown a small but statistically significant increase in the incidence of cancer."[34]

Busby has criticized other researchers studying health effects from low-dose radiation, for being "stupid" and "ignorant", and in particular Prof. Wade Allison (emeritus) of Oxford who had quoted a UN report saying that only 28 people have died as of 2005 from radiation releases at Chernobyl and who has said there is an "over-reaction" to low-dose radiation.[31][35] In particular, he seems to have taken exception to Allison on philosophical grounds:

I have chosen to pitch into him since he epitomises and crystallises for us the arguments of the stupid physicist. In this he has done us a favour, since he is really easy to shoot down. All the arguments are in one place. Stupid physicists? Make no mistake, physicists are stupid. They make themselves stupid by a kind of religious belief in mathematical modelling. The old Bertie Russell logical positivist trap.[31]

Busby went on to say, claiming support from a New York Academy of Sciences publication, that "more than a million people have died between 1986 and 2004 as a direct result of Chernobyl."[31] In actuality, the NYAS report was a translation (not put under peer review by NYAS) of a Russian book that, contrary to the UN report cited by Allison, claims several hundred thousand deaths and projects the number to go higher, with some support from mathematical modeling.[36] He can be equivocal about modelling—in earlier comments on BBC, he'd claimed "significant" plutonium releases from Fukushima detected far north of the reactor complex, supposedly established in part through the use of "a very advanced, sophisticated, computer air-flow model."[37]

Antone Brooks (recently retired as the Technical Research Director of the U.S. Department of Energy's Low Dose Radiation Research Program)[38] has also had differences with Busby.

Televised comments on Fukushima I nuclear accidents

In a March 14 broadcast on BBC, Busby was interviewed along with Ian Fells, and characterized the accident as "exactly the same scenario" as Chernobyl. While admitting that the containment structure for Fukushima Dai-ichi was more much advanced than that at Chernobyl, he claimed there could be "nuclear explosion" rather than (as reported) a hydrogen explosion, if fuel elements had melted down and collected at the bottom of the vessel. He also asserted that a brief spike in radiation levels at a reactor north of Fukushima Dai-ichi indicated "up to 100 kilometers away, we are getting concentrations of plutonium, cesium and iodine" (sic - presumably radionuclides thereof) released from Fukushima Dai-ichi, making the releases comparable in his opinion to Chernobyl, in terms of human health impact. In response to Fells' characterization of the worst immediate effects being loss of power to an advanced industrial society, Busby said "this is a radiological catastrophe already", asserting in particular that plutonium releases were the major cause of concern.[37]

On 30 March 2011 Busby first appeared on Russia Today stating that the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster was worse than being reported.[39] During the follow up interview on April 13, 2011, Busby stated that Fukushima radiation pollution could cause up to 400,000 added cancer cases among those living within 200 km of the reactor, with " reports of significant radiation ... even south of Tokyo".[40][41]

On April 25 Busby stated on Russia Today that he believed one of the explosions at the Fukushima I nuclear reactors was a "nuclear" one, rather than a hydrogen explosion as reported. In the same Russia Today broadcast, he referred to calculations made with his colleagues estimating that Chernobyl had killed 1,400,000 people, and that Fukushima's death toll would be in the same range, if not worse.[42]

Controversy Regarding Sale of "Anti-Radiation" Pills

Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Busby established an internet presence discussing the risks of ionizing radiation and a conspiracy theory involving Japanese Government's efforts to spread radioactive contamination throughout the country. He also marketed online, services and a mineral supplement he claimed mitigate the dangers of injested radioisotopes.[6]

Most notably, Busby claimed radioactive caesium-137 released from the nuclear disaster can cause heart muscle damage and heart attacks in children and a mineral supplement, sold on his Japanese language website via 4u-detox of San Pedro, California, could prevent these deleterious effects (labelled Busby Laboratories, Formula 1, Christopher Busby Foundation for The Children of Fukushima).[43] Busby says he bases his cardiac claims on the work of husband-and-wife team Yury Bandazhevsky & Galina Bandazhevskaya; known for their controversial claims that arrhythmia and heart attacks occurred in children at caesium-137 levels as low as 50 Bqkg−1 and that oral apple pectin increases its excretion (by comparison banana contains ca. 3000 Bqkg−1 of natural potassium-40).[44][45]

Busby later self-published a document that he claimed offered theoretical support for his supplement, namely an ability to block certain radioisotopes from binding to DNA. However, his document also explains that his supplement can not block caesium-137, because it does not contain a protective dose of stable caesium:

“ Unfortunately, the laws prohibit the sale of such tablets despite the fact that Caesium is totally non toxic at these levels.[46] ”

Additionally, Busby alleges the Japanese Government is involved in a conspiracy to spread radioactive contamination throughout Japan, in an effort to hide cancer clusters from epidemiologists and thus hinder litigation (cancer clusters are typically statistically identified by comparison with an unexposed cohort).[6]

Gerry Thomas, professor of molecular pathology at the department of surgery and cancer at Imperial College, London, condemned the "anti-radiation" pills as useless and described the claims made by Busby as ludicrous. Ohtsura Niwa, professor at the Kyoto University Radiation Biology Center and CEO of BioMedics Japan, disagreed with Busby's contention that radiation is being deliberately spread throughout Japan. Niwa noted that the ownership of dosimeters in Japan is now widespread and if radioactive contamination was actively spread about, people would know. Niwa also agreed with Thomas, that mineral supplements cannot guard against strontium, uranium and plutonium radioisotopes. Similar mineral supplements are widely available in chemists in Tokyo, at 1/8th cost offered by Busby Laboratories.[6][47]

Recently, a research team at the Experimental Radio-TOXological Laboratory (LRTOX), France, independently investigated the effects of high level (500 Bqkg−1) caesium-137 exposure in animals (heart, testes, blood, cholesterol, immune system, foetus etc.). For example, Guéguen et al. (2008) investigated the possible cardiac effects of 500 Bqkg−1 caesium-137 exposure in rats over 3 months. They observed that, while caesium-137 exposure did not cause any damage to heart cells or arrhythmias, results indicated that quite subtle cardiac impairment might worsen in some sensitive individuals over time.[48] Also, Le Gal et al. (2006) found that the excretion of caesium-137 was not increased by oral apple pectin, however prussian blue (the drug Radiogardase®) enhanced faecal excretion of caesium-137 fivefold.[49] Furthermore, the study of Bandazhevskaya (2004) involving oral apple pectin was criticised by Jargin (2010), who highlighted a number of serious flaws that meant the claims made could not substantiated.[50]

Claiming that a supplement can be of use in the "cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" renders it equivalent to a drug and subject to oversight by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Section 201(g)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act). Specifically, drugs must be demonstrated to work and proven safe. In April 2011, the FDA sent warning letters to an unrelated company, Premier Micronutrient Corporation of Nashville, Tennessee, USA, who similarly claim that it's "anti-oxidant" supplements are capable of preventing illness caused by radiation (Bioshield-Radiation® R1 and Bioshield Radiation® R2). The FDA pointed out there was no scientific data demonstrating the drugs safety or effectiveness in treating radiation exposure.[51] However, Bioshield Radiation® R2 subsequently resumed sale with a legal waver, "These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."; that it is a food supplement.[52] The FDA approves three over-the-counter drugs for iodine-131 and one prescription drug (Radiogardase®) for caesium-137 contamination.[53][54]

Membership/Peak Bodies/Committees

Publications

Books

Book Chapters

See also

References

  1. ^ Green Audit
  2. ^ Green Audit, About Green Audit
  3. ^ a b "Professor Chris Busby". University of Ulster. http://biomed.science.ulster.ac.uk/nsb/Professor-Chris-Busby,31.html. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  4. ^ "Greens launch radiation activist network". Green Party of England and Wales. 23 October 2004. http://www.greenparty.org.uk/news-archive/874.html. Retrieved 26 January 2011. 
  5. ^ "Far more spin than substance". Green Party of England and Wales. 2 September 2002. http://www.greenparty.org.uk/files/reports/2004/Labour%20record%201.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2011. 
  6. ^ a b c d Monbiot, George; Justin McCurry (2011-11-21). "Post-Fukushima 'anti-radiation' pills condemned by scientists". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/21/christopher-busby-radiation-pills-fukushima. Retrieved 2011-11-22. 
  7. ^ a b c d e "Dr Chris Bubsy (CERRIE biography)". Committee Examining Radiation Risks from Internal Emitters. http://www.cerrie.org/people/busby.php. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  8. ^ "1999 * Election candidates". UK Office of the European Parliament. http://www.europarl.org.uk/section/1999/1999-election-candidates. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
  9. ^ "Ulster Research Explores Toxicity of Heavy Metals". University of Ulster. 11 September 2008. http://news.ulster.ac.uk/releases/2008/4002.html. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  10. ^ a b Oliver Tickell (September 7, 2008). "How war debris could cause cancer". New Scientist. http://wind.nonuclear.se/sv/tickell20080903newscientist.html. 
  11. ^ Chris Busby (2008). "Uranium weapons: why all the fuss?". Disarmament Forum: Uranium Weapons (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) (3): pp. 57–58. ISSN 1020-7287. http://www.unidir.ch/pdf/articles/pdf-art2758.pdf. 
  12. ^ Blears, Hazel (4 March 2003). "Written answers: Radiation". Hansard (Parliament of the United Kingdom). 4 Mar 2003 : Column 995W. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030304/text/30304w29.htm#30304w29.html_sbhd3. Retrieved 1 May 2011. "ECRR is not a formal scientific advisory committee to the European Commission or to the European Parliament" 
  13. ^ a b Burlakova, E. B.; A. N. Goloshchapov, N. V. Gorbunova, S. M. Gurevich, G. P. Zhizhina, A. I. Kozachenko, A. A. Konradov, D. B. Korman, E. M. Molochkina, L. G. Nagler, others (1998). "Peculiarities of Biological Action of Low Irradiation Doses and Their Probable Relation to the Health State of Participants of Chernobyl Accident Liquidation". KURRI KR (21): 223–234. ISSN 1342-0852. http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/reports/kr21/kr21pdf/Burlakova.pdf. 
  14. ^ Samartzis, Dino; Nobuo Nishi, Mikiko Hayashi, John Cologne, Harry M. Cullings, Kazunori Kodama, Edward F. Miles, Sachiyo Funamoto, Akihiko Suyama, Midori Soda, Fumiyoshi Kasagi (2011-03-31). "Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Development of Bone Sarcoma: New Insights Based on Atomic-Bomb Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". J Bone Joint Surg Am: JBJS.J.00256. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00256. http://jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleID=35498. Retrieved 2011-04-30. 
  15. ^ a b Burlakova, E. B.; Yu. S. Antova, A. N. Goloshchapov, S. M. Gurevich, G. P. Zhizhina, A. I. Kozachenko (1999). "Mechanisms of biological action of low-dose irradiation". Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe on Human Health. New York, US: Nova Science Publishers Inc.. pp. 11–38. ISBN 1560726997. 
  16. ^ Busby, Chris (1995-10). Wings of Death: Nuclear Pollution and Human Health. Green Audit Books. ISBN 1897761031. http://nonuclear.se/busby-wings-of-death. 
  17. ^ Edwards, A A; R Cox (2000-01). "Commentary on the Second Event Theory of Busby". International Journal of Radiation Biology 76 (1): 119–122. ISSN 0955-3002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10665965. Retrieved 2011-04-30. 
  18. ^ Ribondeau, L.; J Bergonié (1906). "De quelques résultats de la radiotherapie et essai de fixation d’une technique rationnelle". Comptes-Rendus de Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 143: 983–985. 
  19. ^ a b Goodhead, D.; R. Bramhall, C. Busby, R. Cox, S. Darby, P. Day, J. Harrison, C. Muirhead, P. Roche, J. Simmons, others (2004). Report of the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE). London: Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters. ISBN 0-85951-545-1. http://www.cerrie.org/pdfs/cerrie_report_e-book.pdf. 
  20. ^ Bramhall, Richard; Chris Busby, Paul Dorfman (2011-07-23). "Committee Examining Radiation Risk of Internal Emitters - MINORITY REPORT". Committee Examining Radiation Risk of Internal Emitters. http://www.llrc.org/wobblyscience/subtopic/cerrie.htm. 
  21. ^ pacifica.org radio, January 31, 2003 interview with Busby, Retrieved 10-02-2008
  22. ^ "Scientist raises new radiation fear", news.bbc.co.uk, July 5, 2001
  23. ^ a b Busby, C.; E. Schnug (2008). "Advanced biochemical and biophysical aspects of uranium contamination". In: Loads and Fate of Fertilizer-derived Uranium. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim. pp. 11–22. ISBN 978-3-8236-1546-0. http://www.fse.org.za/downloads/ADVANCED%20BIOCHEMICAL%20AND%20BIOPHYSICAL.pdf. 
  24. ^ Pattison, John E.; Hugtenburg, Richard P.; Green, Stuart (2010). "Enhancement of Natural Background Gamma-radiation Dose around Uranium Micro-particles in the Human Body". Journal of the Royal Society Interface 7 (45): 603–611. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0300. http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/45/603.full.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-01. 
  25. ^ Cho, Sang Hyun; Bernard L Jones, Sunil Krishnan (2009-08). "The dosimetric feasibility of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) via brachytherapy using low-energy gamma-/x-ray sources". Physics in Medicine and Biology 54 (16): 4889–4905. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/54/16/004. ISSN 0031-9155. http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9155/54/16/004. Retrieved 2011-05-01. 
  26. ^ "Dr Roger Taylor". Book review on Wolves of Water. The Scientific and Medical Network Review 97. 2008. http://www.scimednet.org/corporate-responsibility/. Retrieved 2008. 
  27. ^ Steward, John A.; White, Ceri; Reynolds, Shelagh (2008). "Leukaemia incidence in Welsh children linked with low level radiation—making sense of some erroneous results published in the media". Journal of Radiological Protection 28 (1): 33. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/28/1/001. PMID 18309193. http://herald.iop.org/jrp/m47/lt/170202/link/1417. 
  28. ^ Wakeford, Richard (2008). "What to believe and what not to believe". Journal of Radiological Protection 28 (1): 5. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/28/1/E03. PMID 18309191. http://herald.iop.org/jrp/m47/lt/170202/link/1418. 
  29. ^ "Dr Richard Wakeford". Who's Who: Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters. CERRIE. 2004. http://www.cerrie.org/people/wakeford.php. Retrieved 2011-04-14. 
  30. ^ a b Wakeford, Richard (2004). "Editorial: Reflections on CERRIE". Journal of Radiological Protection 24 (4): 337–340. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/24/4/E02. PMID 15682902. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0952-4746/24/4/E02/jr44e1.pdf?request-id=d57be8f4-a1b0-4430-a1ca-aded182597cf. 
  31. ^ a b c d Busby, Christopher (2011-03-28). "Deconstructing Nuclear Experts". CounterPunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/busby03282011.html. Retrieved 2011-04-17. 
  32. ^ Leake, Jonathan (2004-08-01). "Nuclear Experts Gagged". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article464333.ece. Retrieved 2011-04-19. 
  33. ^ "Minority Report of CERRIE (flyer)" (PDF). LLRC. http://www.llrc.org/health/subtopic/minorityflier.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-18. 
  34. ^ "Increase In Cancer In Sweden Can Be Traced To Chernobyl". Science News. ScienceDaily.com. 2007-05-30. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070530080956.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-18.  Martin Tondel, the researcher behind this work, was at last report, active with the Swedish section of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW). "In this capacity Dr. Tondel has visited India and Pakistan several times with International delegations arguing for nuclear disarmament in South Asia." http://www.sasnet.lu.se/environlink.html
  35. ^ Allison, Wade (26 March 2011). "Viewpoint: We should stop running away from radiation". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12860842. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 
  36. ^ "Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for the Environment and the People, The New York Academy Of Sciences Volume 1181, Written by Alexey V. Yablokov (Center for Russian Environmental Policy, Moscow, Russia), Vassily B. Nesterenko, and Alexey V. Nesterenko (Institute of Radiation Safety, Minsk, Belarus). Consulting Editor Janette D. Sherman-Nevinger (Environmental Institute, Western Michigan niversity, Kalamazoo, Michigan). Volume 1181, December 2009 335 Pages". http://www.nyas.org/Publications/Annals/Detail.aspx?cid=f3f3bd16-51ba-4d7b-a086-753f44b3bfc1. 
  37. ^ a b "Professor Busby gives his assessment of radiation from Fukushima nuclear reactor". BBC News. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xhlgks_radiation-risk-from-nuclear-power-station-in-japan_news. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  38. ^ Brooks, Antone. "Dr". Nuclear Street. http://nuclearstreet.com/nuclear_power_industry_news/b/nuclear_power_news/archive/2010/01/14/an-exclusive-nuclear-street-interview-with-low-dose-radiation-health-effects-expert-dr-antone-l-brooks-01142.aspx. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 
  39. ^ "Full meltdown in full swing? Japan maximum nuclear alert". RT News. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MognnB0g56Y. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  40. ^ Kondo, Dwight (14 April 2011). "Scientist: 400,000 Cancers Within 200 km of Fukushima Evacuation Zone". Hawai'i News Daily. http://hawaiinewsdaily.com/2011/04/scientist-predicts-400000-cancers-for-japanese-remaining-in-200-km-evacuation-zone/. Retrieved 2011-04-17. 
  41. ^ "Busby: 400,000 to develop cancer in 200 km radius of Fukushima". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0H-mtsdsgg&feature=player_embedded. 
  42. ^ "Busby: 'Can't seal Fukushima like Chernobyl - it all goes into sea'". Russia Today. 2011-04-25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-3Kf4JakWI.  (“I don’t think the end of Fukushima accident is in sight”)
  43. ^ Christopher Busby Foundation for The Children of Fukushima (CBFCF)
  44. ^ Bandazhevskaya, GS; VB Nesterenko, VI Babenko, IV Babenko, TV Yerkovich, YI Bandazhevsky (2004). "Relationship between Caesium (137Cs) load, cardiovascular symptoms, and source of food in "Chernobyl" children-preliminary observations after intake of oral apple pectin". Swiss Medical Weekly 134 (49-50): 725–729. 
  45. ^ Blomfield, Adrian; Adrian Blomfield. "Chernobyl scientist warns of 'nuclear folly'". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/3338827/Chernobyl-scientist-warns-of-nuclear-folly.html. Retrieved 2011-11-25. 
  46. ^ Busby, Chris (2011-11-07). "Calcium and other supplements to protect against internal radiation". http://www.scribd.com/doc/72048273/supplementrept. 
  47. ^ Monbiot, George (2011-11-22). "Christopher Busby's wild claims hurt green movement and Green party". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2011/nov/22/christopher-busby-nuclear-green-party. Retrieved 2011-11-22. 
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